This document was developed by the Chesapeake Institute, Washington, D.C, with
the Windeyer Group, Washington, D. C, as part of a contract from the Office of
Special Education Programs, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative
Services, United States Department of Education. The points of view expressed in
this publication are those of the authors.
Research shows there are an estimated 3 to 5 percent of school-age children with Attention Deficit Disorder/ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia. In response to the needs expressed by teachers for teaching strategies that work with these children, the U.S. Department of Education has supported research in classrooms to determine successful teaching techniques employed by elementary (primary) schoolteachers to keep children focused on task.
The following tips, for experienced and inexperienced elementary (primary) schoolteachers alike, are tried and true methods for reaching children with ADD/Dyslexia. Children with ADD/Dyslexia, typically have problems with inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. They often have difficulty paying attention in class and seem to shift aimlessly form one unfinished activity to another. These children generally appear restless, fidgeting constantly in their seats, playing with pencils or other objects, or disturbing nearby students. Many children with ADD/Dyslexia also have difficulty following their teacher's instructions or forming friendships with other children in the class. Like other children with disabilities, children with ADD/Dyslexia learn best when their teachers understand their special needs and individualise their educational program to meet theses needs.
The practices themselves should be a part of an educational program based around three key components - classroom accommodations, behaviour management and individualised academic instruction. To make this as valuable a resource as possible, you should consider these three steps in developing an affective educational program for your student with ADD/Dyslexia.
Evaluate the child's individual need
Assess the unique educational needs of a child with ADD/Dyslexia in your class.
Working with a multi-disciplinary team, consider both academic and behavioural needs using formal diagnostic assessments and informal classroom observations.
Select appropriate instructional practices. Determine which instructional practices will meet the academic behaviour needs you have identified for the child.
Select practices that fit the content, are age appropriate and gain the co-operation of the child.
Integrate appropriate practices within an individual program.
Combine the practices you have selected into an Individual Educational Program, Plan how to integrate the educational activities provided to other children in your class with those selected for the child with ADD.
Because no two children with ADD/Dyslexia are alike, no single educational proqram or setting will be best for all the children. Academic Instruction Children with ADD/Dyslexia often have difficulty learning and achieving academically in school. Effective teachers consistently monitor the child and adapt and individualised academic instruction.
General Instructional Principles
Effective teachers help prepare their students to learn when they introduce, conduct and conclude each academic lesson. These principles of effective instruction, which reflect what we know about how to educate all children in the class, will especially help a child with ADD/Dyslexia to stay focused on his assigned tasks as he transitions for one lesson to another throughout the school day.
Students with ADD/Dyslexia benefit from clear statements about their teacher's expectations at the beginning of the lesson.
Consider these strategies:
Review previous lessons.
Review information about previous lesson on this topic. For example, remind children that yesterdays lesson focused on learning how to regroup in subtraction.
Review several problems before describing the current lesson set learning expectations.
State what students are expected to learn during the lesson. For example, explain to students that a language arts lesson will involve reading a story about Paul Bunyan and identifying new vocabulary words in the story.
Set behavioural expectations. Describe how students are expected to behave during the lesson. For example, tell children that they may talk quietly to their neighbours as they work on a set-work assignment or raise their hands to get your attention.
State needed materials. Identify all materials that the child will need during the lesson. For example, specify that children need their journals and pencils for journal writing or their crayons, scissors, and coloured paper for an art project; rather than leaving children to figure out on their own the materials required for a lesson.
Explain additional resources. Tell students how to obtain help in mastering the lesson. For example, remind the children to refer to a particular page in the textbook to get help in completing a worksheet.
When conducting an academic lesson, effective teachers use some of the following strategies:
Use Audio-Visual materials.
Use a variety of audio-visual materials to present academic lessons. For
example, use overhead projector to demonstrate how to solve an addition
problem requiring regrouping. The students can work on the problem at their
desks, while you manipulate counters on the projector screen.
Check Student Performance.
Question individual students about their mastery of the lesson. For example,
you can ask a student doing set-work to demonstrate how he or she arrived at
the answer to a problem or ask individual students to state, in their own
words, how the main character felt at the end of the story.
Ask Probing Questions.
Probe for the correct answer before calling on another student and allow
children sufficient time to work out the answer in question. Count at least
15 seconds before giving the answer and ask follow-up questions that give
the child an opportunity to demonstrate what he or she knows.
Perform On-going Student Evaluation.
Identify students who need additional assistance. Watch for signs of lack of
comprehension, such as daydreaming or visual or verbal indications of
frustration. Provide these children with extra explanation or ask another
student to serve as a peer tutor for the lesson.
Help Students Self-Correct Their Own Mistakes.
Describe how students can identify and correct their own mistakes. For
example, remind students that they should check their calculations in
mathematic problems and reiterate how they can do that; remind students of
particularly difficult spelling rules and how students can watch out for
"easy-to-make" errors.
Focus Dawdling Students.
Remind students who dawdle to keep working and redirect these students to
focus on their assigned task. For example, you can provide follow-up
directions or assign learning partners. These practices can be directed at
individual children or at the entire class.
Lower Noise Level.
Monitor the noise level in the
classroom and provide corrective feedback, as needed. If the noise level
exceeds the level appropriate for the type of lesson, remind all students -
or individual students - about the behaviour rules stated at the beginning
of the lesson.
Students with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia often have difficulty refocusing their attention as they end one academic lesson and move on to the next lesson. Effective teachers help their students prepare for these transitions when concluding a lesson.
Provide Advance Warnings.
Provide advance warning that a lesson is about to end. Announce five or ten
minutes prior to the end of the lesson (particularly for set-work and group
projects) how much time remains. You may also want to tell students at the
beginning of the lesson how much time they will have to complete it.
Check Assignments.
Check completed assignments for at least some students. Review with some
students what they have learned during the lesson's, to get a sense of how
ready the class was for the lesson and how to plan the next lesson.
Preview the Next Lesson.
Instruct students how to begin preparing for the next lesson. For example,
inform children that they need to put away their textbooks and come to the
front of the room for a large group spelling lesson.
Effective teachers individualise their instructional practices based on the needs of their students in different academic subjects. Students have different ways of getting information, not all of which involve traditional reading and listening. Individualised lessons in language arts, mathematics, and organisational skills benefit not only children with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia, but also other children who have diverse learning needs.
Language Arts Reading Comprehension
To help children with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia, who are poor readers, improve their reading comprehension skills, try the following instructional practices:
Silent Reading Time.
Establish a fixed time each day for silent reading (e.g., DEAR: Drop
Everything And Read).
Follow - Along Reading.
Ask the child to read a story silently while listening to other students or
the teacher read the story out loud to the entire class.
Partner Reading Activities.
Pair the child with ADD/ADHD with another student partner who is a stronger
reader. The partners take turns reading orally and listening to each other.
Storyboards.
Ask the child to make storyboards that illustrate the sequence of main
events in a story.
Storytelling.
Schedule "storytelling" sessions where the child can retell a story he or
she has read recently.
Play-Acting.
Schedule "play-acting" sessions where the child can role-play different
characters in a favourite story.
Word bank.
Keep a word bank or dictionary of new or "hard-to read" sight vocabulary
words.
Board Games for Reading Comprehension.
Play board games that provide practice with target reading comprehension
skills or sight vocabulary words.
Computer Games for Reading Comprehension.
Schedule computer time for the child to have "drill - and - practice" with
sight vocabulary words.
To help children with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia, master phonics and grammar rules, the following are effective:
Mnemonics for Phonics and Grammar.
Teach the child mnemonics that provide reminders about hard-to-learn
grammatical rules such as (a) correct punctuation, (b) irregular verb tenses,
and (c) correct capitalisation.
Word Families.
Teach the child to recognise and read word families that illustrate
particular phonetic concepts (e.g., 'ph" sounds).
"Everyday" Examples of Grammar Rules.
Take advantage of naturally occurring events to teach grammar rule skills in
the context of everyday life. For example, ask a boy and a girl who are
reading a story together questions about the proper use of male and female
pronouns.
Board Games for Phonics and Grammar.
Play board games that practice phonetically irregular words.
Computer Games for Phonics and Grammar.
Use a computer to provide opportunities to have "drill - and practice" with
phonics or grammar lessons.
Structured Programs for Phonics and Grammar.
Teach phonics and grammar skills through a structured program such as Sandy
Rief's "Simply Phonics" program.
In composing stories or other writing assignments, children with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia benefit from the following practices:
Standards for Writing Assignments.
Identify and teach the child classroom - wide standards for acceptable
written work.
Recognising Parts of a Story.
Teach the student how to describe the major parts of a story (e.g., plot,
main characters, setting, conflict, and resolution).
Post Office.
Establish a "post office" in the classroom and provide students with
opportunities to write, mail, and receive letters to and from their
classmates and teacher.
Visualising Compositions.
Ask the child to close his or her eyes and visualise a paragraph that the
teacher reads aloud. Another variation of this technique is to ask a student
to describe a recent event while the other students have their eyes closed.
To help children with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia, who are poor spellers master their spelling lessons, the following have been found to be useful.
Teaching Frequently Used Spelling Words.
Assign spelling words that the child routinely uses in his or hers speech
each day.
Creating a Dictionary of Misspelled Words.
Ask the child to keep a personal dictionary of frequently misspelled words.
Using Partner Spelling Activities.
Pair the child with another student. Ask the partners to quiz each other
about how to spell new words. Encourage both students to guess the correct
spelling.
Working with Manipulatives.
Use cut out letters or other manipulatives to spell out hard-to-learn words.
Using Colour-Coded Letters.
Colour code different letters in "hard-to-spell" words (e.g. receipt).
Using "Movement Activities".
Combine movement activities with spelling lessons (e.g. jump rope while
spelling the word out loud).
Using "Everyday" Examples of Hard-To-Spell Words.
Take advantage of naturally occurring events to teach difficult spelling
words in context. For example, ask a child eating a cheese sandwich to spell
"sandwich".
Students with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia, who have difficulty with manuscript or cursive writing benefit from these instructional practices:
Individual Chalkboards.
Ask each child to practice copying and erasing the target words on a small,
individual chalkboard. Two children can be paired to practice their target
words together.
Quiet Places for Handwriting.
Provide the child with a special "quiet place" (e.g. on a table outside the
classroom) to complete his or her handwriting assignments.
Spacing Words on a Page.
Teach the child to use his or her finger to measure how much space to leave
between each word in a written assignment.
Special Writing Paper.
Ask the child to use special paper with vertical lines to learn to space
letters and words on a page.
Tape Recorders.
Ask the student to dictate writing assignments into a tape recorder.
Dictating Writing Assignments.
Have the teacher or another student write down a story told by a child with
ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia.
Structured Programs for Handwriting.
Teach handwriting skills through a structured program, such as Jan Olson's
"Handwriting Without Tears" program.
There are several individualised instructional practices that can help children with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia, improve their basic computation skills. The following are just a few:
Recognising Patterns in Mathematics.
Teach the student to recognise patterns when adding, subtracting,
multiplying, or dividing whole numbers.
Partner Mathematics Activities.
Pair a child with AD/ADHD/Dyslexia, with another student and provide
opportunities for the partners to quiz each other about basic computation
skills.
Mnemonics for Basic Computation.
Teach the child mnemonics that describe basic steps in computing whole
numbers. For example. "Don't Miss Susie's Boot" can be used to help the
student recall the basic steps in long division (i.e. divide, multiply,
subtract and bring down).
"Real Life" Examples of Money Skills.
Provide the child with naturally occurring "real life" opportunities to
practice target money skills. For example, ask the child to calculate his or
her change when paying for lunch in the school cafeteria.
Colour Coding Arithmetic Symbols.
Colour code basic arithmetic symbols such as +, -, and = to provide visual
cues for children when they are computing whole numbers.
Using Calculators to Check Basic Computation.
Ask the child to use a calculator to check his addition, subtraction,
multiplication, or division.
Board Games for Basic Computation.
Ask the child to play board games to practice adding, subtracting,
multiplying and dividing whole numbers.
Computer Games for Basic Computation.
Schedule computer time for the child for "drill-and-practice" with basic
computation facts.
Structured Programs for Basic Computation.
Teach basic computation skills through a structured program such as
Innovative Learning Concepts' "Touch Moth" program.
To help children with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia, improve their skill in solving word problems in mathematics, try the following:
Rereading the Problem.
Teach the child to read a word problem two times before beginning to compute
the answer.
Using Clue Words.
Teach the child "clue words" that identify which operation to use when
solving word problems. For example, words such as "sum," "total," or "all
together" may indicate an addition operation.
Mnemonics for Word Problems.
Teach students mnemonics that help remind them of basic questions to ask in
solving word problems (e.g. what is the question asked in the problem, what
information do you have to figure out the answer, and what operation should
you use to compute the answer).
"Real Life" Examples of Word Problems.
Ask the student to create and solve word problems that provide practice with
specific target operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication or
division. These problems can be based on recent "real life" events in the
children's lives.
Using Calculators to Check Word Problems.
Ask the student to use a calculator to check his or her answers to assigned
word problems.
Some children with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia benefit from using special materials to help them complete their mathematics assignments.
Number Lines.
Provide a number line for the child to use when computing whole numbers.
Manipulatives.
Use manipulatives to help students gain basic computation skills such as
counting poker chips when adding single-digit numbers.
Graph Paper.
Ask the child to use graph paper to help organise columns when adding,
subtracting, multiplying or dividing whole numbers.
Many students with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia are easily distracted and have difficulty focusing their attention on assigned tasks. However, there are several practices that can help children with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia improve their organisation of homework and other daily assignments.
Assignment Notebook.
Provide the child with an assignment notebook to help organise homework and
other set-work.
Colour-Coded Folders.
Provide the child with colour-coded folders to help organise assignments for
different academic subjects (e.g. reading, mathematics, social science and
science).
Homework Partners.
Assign the child a partner to help record homework and other set-work in the
proper folders and assignment notebook.
Cleaning Out Desks and Book Bags.
Ask the child to periodically sort through and clean out his or her desk,
book bag, and other special places where written assignments are stored.
Children with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia, who have difficulty finishing their assignments on time can also benefit from individualised instruction that helps them improve their time management skills.
Using a Wristwatch.
Teach the child how to read and use a wristwatch to manage his or her time
when completing assigned work.
Using a Calendar.
Teach the child how to read and use a calendar to schedule his or her
assignments.
Practicing Sequencing Activities.
Provide the child with supervised opportunities to break down a long
assignment into a sequence of short, interrelated activities.
Creating a Daily Activity Schedule.
Tape schedule of planned daily activities to the child's desk.
Study Skills Using Venn Diagrams.
Teach a child with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia, how to use Venn diagrams to help
illustrate and organise key concepts in reading, mathematics or other
academic subjects.
Note-Taking Skills.
Teach a child with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia, how to take notes when organising key
academic concepts that he or she has learned with a program such as Anita
Archer's "Skills for Schools Success".
Developing a Checklist of Frequent Mistakes.
Provide the child with a checklist of mistakes that he or she frequently
makes in written assignments (e.g. punctuation or capitalisation errors),
mathematics (e.g. addition or subtraction errors), or other academic
subjects. Teach the child how to use this list when proof-reading his or her
work at home or school.
Using a Checklist of Homework Supplies.
Provide the child with a checklist that identifies categories of items
needed for homework assignments (e.g. books, pencils, and homework
assignment sheets).
Preparing Uncluttered Workspace.
Teach a child with ADD/ADHD/ Dyslexia how to prepare an uncluttered workspace
to complete his assignments. For example, instruct the child to clear away
unnecessary books or other materials before beginning a set-work assignment.
Monitoring Homework Assignments.
Keep track of how well your students with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia complete their
assigned homework. Discuss and resolve with them and their parents any
problems in completing these assignments. For example, evaluate the
difficulty of the assignments and how long the children spend on their
homework each night.
Children with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia often are impulsive and hyperactive. Effective teachers use behaviour management techniques to help these children learn how to control their behaviour:
Verbal Reinforcement.
Students with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia benefit from frequent reinforcement of
appropriate behaviour and correction of inappropriate behaviour. Verbal
reinforcement takes on the form of praise and reprimands. In addition, it is
sometimes helpful to selectively ignore inappropriate behaviour.
Verbal Praise.
Simple phrases such as "good job" encourage a child to act appropriately.
Praise children frequently, and look for a behaviour to praise before - not
after - a child is off task.
Verbal Reprimands.
Do not hesitate to request that a child change his or her behaviour. The most
effective reprimands are brief and directed at te child's behaviour - not at
the child.
Selective Ignoring of Inappropriate Behaviour.
Carefully evaluate whether to intervene when a child misbehaves. In some
instances, it is helpful to ignore the child's inappropriate behaviour,
particularly if a child is misbehaving to get your attention.
Effective teachers also use behavioural prompts with their students with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia, as well as with other students in the class. These prompts help remind students about your expectations for their leaning and behaviour in the classroom:
Visual Cues.
Establish simple, non-intrusive visual cues to remind the child to remain on
task. For example, you can point at the child while looking him or her in
the eye, or hold out your hand, palm down, near the child.
Proximity Control.
When talking to a child, move to where the child is standing or sitting.
Your physical proximity to the child will help the child to focus and pay
attention to what you are saying.
In some instances, children with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia need counselling to learn how to manage their own behaviour:
Classroom Interviews.
Discuss how to resolve social conflicts with classroom interviews. Conduct
impromptu counselling sessions with one student or a small group of students
in the classroom where the conflict arises. In this setting, ask two children
who are arguing about a game to discuss how to settle their differences.
Encourage the children to resolve their problems by talking to each other,
while you quietly monitor their interaction during the interview.
Social Skills Classes.
Teach children with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexic appropriate social skills using a
structured pullout class. For example, you can ask the children to role-play
and model different solutions to common social problems. It is critical to
provide for the generalisation of these skills, including structured
opportunities for the children to use the social skills they learn.
For some children with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia, behavioural contracts, tangible rewards, or token economy systems are helpful in teaching them how to manage their own behaviour. Because students' individual needs are different, it is important for teachers to evaluate whether these practices are appropriate for their classrooms.
Behavioural Contract.
Identify specific academic or behavioural goals for the child with
ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia. Work together with the child to co-operatively identify
appropriate goals such as completing homework assignments on time and
obeying safety rules on the school playground. Take the time to ensure that
the child agrees that his or her goals are important to master.
Tangible Rewards.
Use tangible rewards to re-enforce appropriate behaviour. These rewards can
include (a) stickers such as "happy faces" or sports teams emblems or (b)
privileges, such as extra time on the computer or lunch with the teacher. In
some cases, you may be able to enlist the support of parents in rewarding
the children at home.
Token Economy System.
Use token economy systems to motivate a child to achieve a goal identified
in a behavioural contract. For example, a child can earn points for each
homework assignment completed on time. In some cases, students also lose
points for each homework assignment not completed on time. After earning a
specified number of points, the student receives a tangible reward such as
extra time on a computer or a 'free period" on Friday afternoon.
Many children with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia benefit from accommodations that reduce distractions in the classroom environment. These accommodations, which include modifications within both the physical environment and learning environment of the classroom, help some children with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia stay on task and learn. Accommodations of the physical environment include determining where a child with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia will sit in the classroom. There are two main types of special seat assignments:
Seat Near the Teacher.
Assign a child a seat near your desk or in front of the room. This seat
assignment provides opportunities for you to monitor and reinforce the
child's on task behaviour.
Seat Near a Student Role Model.
Assign a child a seat near a student role model. This seat arrangement
provides opportunities for children to work cooperatively and learn from
their peers in the class.
Effective teachers also use different environmental prompts to make accommodations with in the physical environment of the classroom:
Hand Gestures.
Use hand signals to communicate privately with a child with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia.
For example, ask the child to raise his or her hand every time you ask a
question. A closed fist can signal that the child knows the answer; an open
palm can signal that he or she does not know the answer. You would call on
the child to answer only when he or she makes a fist.
Egg Timers.
Note for the children the time at which the lesson is starting and the time
at which it will conclude. Set a timer to indicate to children how much time
remains in the lesson and place it at the front of the classroom; the
children can check the timer to see how much time remains. Interim prompts
can be used as well. For instance, children can monitor their own progress
during a 30-minute lesson if the timer is set for 10 minutes 3 times.
Classroom Lights.
Turning the classroom lights "on and off" prompts children that the noise
level in the room is too high and they should be quiet. This practice can
also be used to signal that it is time to begin preparing for the next
lesson.
Music.
Play music on a tape recorder or chords on a piano to prompt children that
they are too noisy. In addition, playing different types of music on a tape
recorder communicates to children what level of activity is appropriate for
a particular lesson. For example, play quiet classical music for quiet
set-activities and jazz for active group activities.
Effective teachers make accommodations in the learning environment by guiding children with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia with follow-up directions:
Follow-up Oral Directions.
After giving directions to the class as a whole, provide additional, oral
directions for a child with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia. For example, ask the child if
he or she understood the directions, and repeat the direction together.
Follow-up Written Direction.
Provide follow-up directions in writing. For example, write the page number
for an assignment on the blackboard. You can remind the child to look at the
blackboard if he or she forgets the assignment.
Effective teachers also use special instructional tools to modify the classroom-learning environment and accommodate the special needs of their students with ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia.
Highlighting Key Words.
Highlight key words in the instructions on worksheets to help the child with
ADD/ADHD/Dyslexia focus on the directions. You can prepare the worksheet
before the lesson begins or underline key words as you and the child read
the directions together.
Using Pointers.
Teach the child to use a pointer to help visually track written words on a
page. For example, provide the child with a bookmark to help him or her
follow along when students are taking turns reading aloud.
Adapting Worksheets.
Teach a child how to adapt instructional worksheets. For example, help a
child fold his or her reading worksheet to reveal only one question at a
time. The child can also use a blank piece of paper to cover the other
questions on the page.
Does your child have a learning difficulty? Signs to look for ...
Warning is to watch for are poor handwriting, poor reading comprehension and poor organisational skills.
If your child doesn't enjoy reading, says schoolwork is boring, is labelled or is always the class clown, they may be trying to covet-up their inability to read and write.
If your child suffers from low self-esteem or behavioural problems, such as tantrums, or is withdrawn, they may be frustrated by their inability to read and write but too embarrassed to say so.
Be aware these signs also indicate problems other then learning difficulties. Children can fail behind in class if they can't see to the front of the room or can't hear their teachers. Have your children checked for long-sightedness, ear infections and allergies.
Sit down with your kids as they do their homework to get an idea of their progress.
If you think your, child may have a learning difficulty please do not hesitate to contact this Trust, family Doctor, or Specialist ..... talk to the schoolteacher's to enable your self to advocate for your child.
Personal statement
I would look first at an Educational Assessment, with on Educational
Phycologist, who is able to determine the learning age level, the child is
able to comprehend.
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IRLEN Clinics in New Zealand:
Christchurch:
John Anstice, 10 Clyde Road, Ilam 8004, Christchurch
Tel. (0)33-43-3909
Fax: (0)33-43-2723
Email: JAanstice@compuserve.com
Wellington:
Margaret Hobbs, 3/116 Oriental Parade, Wellington
Tel/Fax (0)43-82-9511
Email: irlen@xtra.co.nz
Auckland:
David T. Wardell, P.O.Box 38893, Howick, Auckland
Tel: (0)9-5341619
Fax: (0)9-534-1640
Email: kmec@voyager.co.nz